22 FEB (1450-1520) GURU RAVIDASS
Guru Ravidass Jayanti
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Guru Ravidass Jayanti is the birthday of Guru Ravidass, celebrated on Magh Purnima, the full moon day in the month of Magh month. It is the annual focal point for Ravidassia religion. On the day the Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji is read, the nishaan is changed ceremonially, and there is a special aarti and a Nagar Kirtan procession bearing the guru's portrait are taken out to the accompaniment of music through the streets of the temple locality. Also devotees take holy dip in the river to perform rites. In the bhawans, his image is worshiped. Every year, a grand celebration at Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Mandir, Seer Goverdhanpur, Varanasi takes place to mark the occasion along with lakhs of devotees who came from all over the world to celebrate the occasion. This Year marks the 639th Birth Anniversary of Shri Guru Ravidass for on the 22nd February 2016. The sign for the Ravidassia Religion is 'Har'. The religion has prospered and has become more and more established over the decades, specifically the last 2/4 decades. The 2016 date for this holiday is February 22.[1] Ravi Das Jayanti
Ravidas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Śrī Guru Ravidas Jī
Śrī Guru Ravidass Jī
Bornuncertain, ~1450[1][2] Varanasi, India
Dieduncertain, ~1520[1][2] Varanasi, India
HonorsVenerated as a Sant in Ravidassia religion, Buddhism and as a Bhagat inSikhism
Part of a series on the
Ravidassia religion
Beliefs and practices
Aarti
Meditation
Naam Japo
Simran
Nagar Kirtan
Langar
Sewa
Temples
Bhawan
Scriptures
Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji
Holy Places
Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan
Founder
Guru Ravidass
Festivals
Guru Ravidass Jayanti
Symbols
Har Nishaan
v
t
e
Ravidas was a North Indian mystic poet-sant of the bhakti movement. He was active in the 15th to 16th century CE.[3][4] Venerated as a Guru (teacher) in the region of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, the devotional songs of Ravidas made a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement. He was a poet-saint, social reformer and a spiritual figure. He is considered as the founder of 21st-century Ravidassia religion, by a group who previously were associated with Sikhism.[5]
The life details of Ravidas are uncertain and contested. Most scholars believe he was born about 1450 CE,[1] in a family that worked with dead animals and their skin to produce leather products, making them an untouchable Chamarcaste.[3][4] Tradition and medieval era texts state Ravidas was one of the disciples of the Gautam Buddha bhakti sant-poet Kabir .[6][7]
Ravidas' devotional songs were included in the Sikh Scriptures, Guru Granth Sahib.[4][8] The Panch Vani text of Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism also includes numerous poems of Ravidas.[3] There is a larger body of hymns passed on independently that is claimed and attributed to Ravidas.[citation needed] Guru Ravidass Ji taught removal of social divisions of caste and gender, and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedoms.[9]
His name often includes the honorific Bhagat, Sant or Guru, and sometimes spelled as Ravidass, Raidas, Rohidas and Ruhidas.[5][10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1Life
1.1The 17th-century changes to Anantadas's hagiography on Ravidas
2Literary works
2.1Ravidas literature as symbolism
3Philosophy
3.1Monistic Brahman or Anthromorphic God
3.2One man: two divergent claims on his views and philosophy
4Legacy
4.1Ravidassia religion
4.2Temples, Ravidas idols
4.3Politics
4.4Ravidas and Meera
4.5See also
5References
Life[edit]
The details of Bhagat Ravidass Ji's life are not well known. Most scholars state he was born about 1450, and died about 1520.[1][9] According to some he was born in 1376/7 or else 1399 CE.[citation needed]
Ravidas was born in a village named Seer Goverdhanpur, near Varanasi in wahat is now Uttar Pradesh, India. Kalsa was his mother, and his father was Santokh Das.[citation needed] His parents belonged to a leather-working Chamarcommunity, whose profession involved processing dead animals and their skins, which made them untouchable.[3][4] The text Anantadas Parcai, one of the earliest surviving biographies of various Bhakti movement poets, introduces the birth of Ravidas as follows,[12]
In Banaras, that best of cities, no evil ever visits men. No one who dies ever goes to hell, Shankar himself comes with the Name of Ram. Where Sruti and Smriti have authority, there Raidas was reborn, in the home of a low-caste Shakta, his father and mother were both Chamars. In his previous birth he was a Brahmin, he listened all the time to religious recitation, but did not give up meat. For this sin, he was born into a low-caste family, but he remembered his previous birth.
— Anantadas Parcai, 1600 CE, Translated by Winnand Callewaert[12]
Medieval era texts, such as the Bhaktamal suggest that Ravidas was one of the disciples of the Brahmin bhakti sant-poetRamananda.[6][7] He is traditionally considered as Kabir's younger contemporary.[3]
Ravidas' father married him to Lona at early age, and they had a son named Vijaydas.[citation needed] His ideas and fame grew over his lifetime, and texts suggest Brahmins (members of priestly upper caste) used to bow before him.[4]
Most scholars believe that Ravidas met Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism.[4] His is revered in the Sikh scripture, and 41 of Ravidas poems are included in the Adi Granth. These poems are one of the oldest attested source of his ideas and literary works.[3][4] Another substantial source of legends and stories about the life of Ravidas is the hagiography in the Sikh tradition, named Premambodha.[10] This text, composed over 150 years after Ravidas' death, in 1693, includes him as one of the seventeen saints of Indian religious tradition.[10] The 17th-century Nabhadas's Bhaktamal, and the Parcais of Anantadas, both contain chapters on Ravidas.[13] Other than these, the scriptures and texts of Sikh tradition and the Hindu Dadupanthi traditions, most other written sources about the life of Ravidas, including by the Ravidasi (followers of Ravidas), were composed in early 20th century, or about 400 years after his death.[10]
The 17th-century changes to Anantadas's hagiography on Ravidas[edit]
Anantadas, a writer who belonged to the bhakti poet-sant Ramananda group, wrote a biography of major bhakti poet-sants about 1600 CE.[14] This text, called the Parcaīs (or Parchais), included Ravidas among the sants whose biography and poems were included. Over time new manuscripts of Parcais of Anantadas were reproduced, some in different local languages of India.[15] Winnand Callewaert notes that some 30 manuscripts of Anantadas's hagiography on Ravidas have been found in different parts of India.[16] Of these four manuscripts are complete, collated and have been dated to 1662, 1665, 1676 and 1687. The first three are close with some morphological variants without affecting the meaning, but the 1687 version systematically inserts verses into the text, at various locations, with caste-related statements, new claims of Brahmins persecuting Ravidas, notes on the untouchability of Ravidas, claims of Kabir giving Ravidas ideas, ridicules of nirguni and saguni ideas, and such text corruption:[17]
Examples of inserted verses in the 1687 version of Anantadas's hagiography on Ravidas, that are not found in the older versions of Ravidas' biography: Then the king called Raidas, who went to see him along with his companions, The king said: "Listen Raidas; the Brahmins are disturbed and make a lot of noise. (inserted before Chapter 5, verse 1) We organize donations and worship, but Raidas replied: "Listen to me Brahmins, You deceive the king and the people, you leave the right path and take them on the wrong path. (inserted into Chapter 5, verse 6) In a low caste you were born, you have no right to perform rituals. (inserted into Chapter 5, verse 12) Since the earliest times Brahmins have been respected, and even more so in this Kaliyug, Nobody will touch an untouchable, how can he become like a Dahma Brahmin. (inserted into Chapter 5, verse 15) This nirgun devotion concentrating only on the Name, could not at all appeal to the queen. (inserted into Chapter 6, verse 12)
— Winnand Callewaert, The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India[18]
Callewaert considers the 1676 version as the standard version, his critical edition of Ravidas's hagiography excludes all these insertions, and he remarks that the cleaner critical version of Anantadas's parcais suggests that there is more in common in the ideas of bhakti movement's Ravidas, Kabir and Sen than previously thought.[16]
Khare similarly has questioned the textual sources on Ravidas, and mentions there are few "readily available and reliable textual sources on the Hindu and Untouchable treatment of Ravidas."[11]
Literary works[edit]
The Adi Granth of Sikhs, and Panchvani of the Hindu warrior-ascetic group Dadupanthis are the two oldest attested sources of the literary works of Ravidas.[3] In the Adi Granth, forty of Ravidas's poems are included, and he is one of thirty six contributors to this foremost canonical scripture of Sikhism.[19][20] This compilaton of poetry in Adi Granth responds to, among other things, issues of dealing with conflict and tyranny, war and resolution, and willingness to dedicate one's life to the right cause.[19] Ravidas's poetry covers topics such as the definition of a just state where there are no second or third class unequal citizens, the need for dispassion, and who is a real Yogi.[20][21]
Jeffrey Ebbesen notes that, just like other bhakti sant-poets of India and some cases of Western literature authorship, many poems composed by later era Indian poets have been attributed to Ravidas, as an act of reverence, even though Ravidas has had nothing to do with these poems or ideas expressed therein.[22]
Ravidas literature as symbolism[edit]
Peter Friedlander states that Ravidas' hagiographies, though authored long after he died, depict a struggle within the Indian society, where Ravidas' life gives a means to express a variety of social and spiritual themes.[10] At one level, it depicts a struggle between the then prevalent heterodox communities and the orthodox Brahminical tradition. At another level, the legends are an inter-communal, inter-religious struggle with an underlying search and desire for social unity. At yet another level, states Friedlander, the stories describe the spiritual struggle of an individual unto self.[10]
There is no historical evidence to verify the historicity in these hagiographies, which range from Ravidas's struggle with Hindu Brahmins,[23] to his struggle with Muslim Sultan Sikander Lodi.[24] Friedlander states that the stories reflect the social dynamics that influenced the composers of the hagiographies during the 17th- to 20th-century. These are legends where Ravidas is victorious because God intervened with miracles such as making a stone float in water, or making river Gangesto reverse course and flow upstream.[10]
David Lorenzen similarly states that poetry attributed to Ravidas, and championed by Ravidasi (his followers) from the 17th- through the 20th-century, have a strong anti-Brahminical and anti-communal theme.[25] The legends, suggests Lorenzen, cannot be separated from the power and political situation of this era, and they reflect a strong element of social and religious dissent by groups marginalized during a period when Indian society was under the Islamic rule and later the colonial rule.[25][26]
Philosophy[edit]
The songs of Raidas discuss Nirguna-Saguna themes, as well as ideas that are at the foundation of Nath Yoga philosophy of Hinduism.[27] He frequently mentions the term Sahaj, a mystical state where there is a union of the truths of the many and the one.[27]
Raidas says, what shall I sing? Singing, singing I am defeated. How long shall I consider and proclaim: absorb the self into the Self? This experience is such, that it defies all description. I have met the Lord, Who can cause me harm? Hari in everything, everything in Hari – For him who knows Hari and the sense of self, no other testimony is needed: the knower is absorbed.
— Ravidas, Translated by Winand Callewaert and Peter Friedlander[27]
David Lorenzen states Ravidas's poetry is imbued with themes of boundless loving devotion to God, wherein this divine is envisioned as Nirguna.[28] In the Sikh tradition, the themes of Nanak's poetry are very broadly similar to the Nirgun bhaktiideas of Ravidas and other leading north Indian sant-poets.[26][29] Most postmodern scholars, states Karen Pechilis, consider Ravidas's ideas to belong to the Nirguna philosophy within the bhakti movement.[30]
Monistic Brahman or Anthromorphic God[edit]
Multiple manuscripts found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, dated to be from the 18th and 19th centuries, contain atheosophical debate between Kabir and Ravidas on the nature of the Absolute, more specifically whether the Brahman(Ultimate Reality, Eternal Truth) is monistic Oneness or a separate anthromorphic incarnate.[31] Kabir argues for the former. Ravidas, in contrast, argues from the latter premise to the effect that both are one.[31] In these manuscripts, Kabir initially prevails, Ravidas accepts that Brahman is monistic, but towards the end Kabir also accepts that worshipping a divine avatar(sagun conception) is a means to realizing the Oneness and the presence of the divine in everyone, everything.[31]
One man: two divergent claims on his views and philosophy[edit]
Ravindra Khare[32] states that there are two divergent versions that emerge from the study of texts relating to Ravidas's philosophy. The 17th century Bhaktamal text by Nabhadas provides one version, while the 20th century texts by Dalits[33]provide another.[11]
According to Bhaktamal text, Ravidas was of pure speech, capable of resolving spiritual doubts of those who held discussions with him, was unafraid to state his humble origins and real caste.[34] Further, the Bhaktamal text states that Ravidas's teachings agreed with Vedic and ancient scriptures, he subscribed to nondualism, discussed spiritual ideas and philosophy with everyone including Brahmins without gender or caste discrimination, and his abilities reflected an individual who had reached the inner content state of the highest ascetic.[34]
The 20th century version, prevalent in the texts of Dalit community, concurs with the parts about pure speech and resolving spiritual doubts.[35] However, they differ in the rest. The texts and the prevalent beliefs of the Dalit community hold that Ravidas rejected the Hindu Vedas, he was opposed by the Brahmins and resisted by the caste Hindus as well as Hindu ascetics throughout his life, and that some members of the Dalit community have believed Ravidas was an idol worshipper (saguni bhakti saint) while other 20th century texts assert that Ravidas rejected idolatry.[35]
Legacy[edit]
A procession in Bedford, United Kingdom by Ravidasias to mark the birthday of Ravidas.
Ravidassia religion[edit]
The difference between the Ravidassia religion and Sikhism, as described by a post made by Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in Ontario is as follows:
We, as Ravidassias have different traditions. We are not Sikhs. Even though, we give utmost respect to 10 gurus and Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Ravidass Ji is our supreme. There is no command for us to follow the declaration that there is no Guru after Guru Granth Sahib. We respect Guru Granth Sahib because it has our guru Ji‟s teachings and teachings of other religious figures who have spoken against caste system, spread the message of NAAM and equality. As per our traditions, we give utmost respect to contemporary gurus also who are carrying forward the message of Guru Ravidass Ji.[36]
Ravidassia religion is a spin off religion from Sikhism, formed in the 21st century, by the followers of Ravidass's teachings. It was formed following the murder of their cleric Ramanand Dass in Vienna in 2009, where the movement declared itself to be a religion fully separated from Sikhism.[5] The Ravidassia religion compiled a new holy book, Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji. Based entirely on the writings and teaching of Ravidas, it contains 240 hymns.[5] Kathryn Lum summarizes the dynamics behind the separation of Ravidassia religion and Sikhism, and its focus on Ravidas, as follows:
Ravidasia believe that the best way forward for Chamars is to claim and assert their own identity. For this more independent camp, Sikhism is viewed as obstructing the full development of the Chamar community as a quam (separate religion and nation), as envisioned by the Ad Dharm (original people) movement. According to these separatist Ravidasias, the only way for Chamars to progress is to pursue an independent religious path focused exclusively on the figure of Guru Ravidas.
— Kathryn Lum, Sikhs in Europe[37]
Temples, Ravidas idols[edit]
A Guru Ravidass temple in the UK.
Ravidas is revered and his idol worshipped in temples dedicated to him by the Dalit community, built in the 20th century, states Khare. He is considered by his devotees as someone who was the living symbol of religious protest, and not as the spiritual symbol of any ultimate unifying cultural principle.[38]
Politics[edit]
A political party was founded in India in 2012 by the followers of Ravidass, with the word Begumpura (Be-gam-pura, or "land without sorrow"), a term coined in a poem by Ravidass. The term means the city where there is no suffering or fear, and all are equal.[39]
Ravidas and Meera[edit]
There is a small chhatri (umbrella) in front of Meera’s temple in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan which bears Ravidas’ engraved foot print.[40] Legends link him as the Guru of Meera, another major bhakti movement poet, but there is no historical evidence that they ever met.[27]
See also[edit]
Gautama Buddha
Dalit Buddhist movement
Ramdasia Sikhs
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Ravidas
Poet
Ravidas was a North Indian mystic poet-sant of the bhakti movement. He was active in the 15th to 16th century CE. Wikipedia
Born: Varanasi
Died: 1528, Varanasi
People also search for: Vijaydas, Mata Kalsa Devi, Baba Santokh Das, Mirabai,Mata Lona Devi
Children: Vijaydas
Parents: Mata Kalsa Devi, Baba Santokh Das
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